7th week ( PRACTICAL TEST )

In this Tuesday class,, we had a pracical test for those component we had learnt .

We were given 2 hours to complete all the test for components given which is resistor, capacitor, transistor, and diode.

Alhamdulillah ,, I've done my test succeedly :)

And now,, I am doing my preparation for oral presntation on Thursday :)

so nervous okay .. huhu

wish me luck :)

daa~~~

6th week ( TRANSISTOR AND IC )

HYE3X :)

in the class on Thursday last week ,, we had learnt and do the practical for the elctronic component ....

TRANSISTOR AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT .

Before we start our class,, En. Ahmad Redzuan showed to us a few videos about ROBOWARS.. It is quite interesting and something new in Malaysia. It is different from ROBOCORN and I think UTM student can introduce this types of robot to the Malaysia and maybe in the future ,, Malaysia can have their own "transformers" .. hehe

TRANSISTOR

Now ,, I want to discuss a little about transistor .A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

FUNCTIONS OF TRANSISTOR

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

1. Transistor as a switch .Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates
2. Transistor as an amplifier .The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

these are the transistors that we used .

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit.

A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.

For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

Bipolar junction transistor

Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n-p-n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p-n-p transistor). This construction produces two p-n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).

4 different transistors.

Advantages of transistor

The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are

1. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices.
2. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
3. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications.
4. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.
5. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.
6. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.
7. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years.
8. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.
9. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications.

WAY TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF TRANSISTOR

We used three different ways to determine the type of transistor. By using data sheets , by using component analyser and using multimeter .

1. By using data sheets . We didnt do this because data sheets can be obtain from Internet and books. But ,, there is no Internet connection to the computer there .
2. By using component analyser . It is the easiest way to determine the type of transistor . Just connect all three terminal of component analyser to the three pins of transistors . It will tell the user type of that transistor ,, which pins is base ,, emitter ,, and collector . It also will tell user the value of current and voltage .
3. By using digital multimeter . We must use try and error method which is try all pins with positive and negative terminal of multimeter . We must use diodemeter .If the diodemeter give readings, so the terminal is true for those pins .

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, ormicrochip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices.

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits.

Most common are 4,6,8,14,16,18 or 20 pins dual in lines chips. IC's can be soldered directly into printed circuit boards, or may plug into sockets which have already been soldered into the board . When soldering , ensure that the IC is the correct way round and that no pins have been bent underneath the body . Whwn fitting new IC's it is often necessary to bend the pins in slightly, in order to fit in into the board .

Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistorsinto a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discreteelectronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.

Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than to construct a discrete circuit.

Performance is high because the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) as a result of the small size and close proximity of the components. As of 2006, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.

WAY TO DETERMINE PINS OF IC

We conducted only one way to determine the pins of IC, which is to determine which pin is number 1 until last pin.

by using physical inspection

We can observe from the top body of IC. Usually ,, manufacturer make a sign to tell user that the pin nearer that sign is pin number 1 . The sign often mark by dot , screw-like , or half-hole .

Then, we count from pin number 1 and so on ,, column by column . But,, for the next column ,, start count after last number of previous column . :)

I hope that I can make a circuit like this :) INSYAALLAH :)

that's all :)

see in the next entry :)

6th week ( DIODE ) ...

I LOVE IT WHEN YOU SHARE EVERYTHING WITH ME :)

now,, i would like to share about the next electronic component that I had learnt on Tuesday class which is........ DIODE !!!

DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS DIODE ? :)

In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current–voltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.

FUNCTION OF DIODE ?? :)

1. to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction) .
2. diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes)
3. to protect circuits from high voltage surges (Avalanche diodes)
4. to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes)
5. to generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes)
6. to produce light (light emitting diodes).
7. Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

these are 2 diodes that we had measured in the class :)

diode is polarised ,which means that it must be inserted into the PCB the correct way round . This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one direction (like air will only flow one way through a tyre valve) .

As we all know ,, diode have 2 connections, an ANODE and a CATHODE. The cathode is always identified by a dot , ring, or some other mark .

this is the diode that we used,, have ring to identify it as a cathode terminal

DIODE

We measured the diode given by three ways ; by physical inspection,using digital multimeter and using component analyser .

by physical inspection

From the diode given , we can easily identified the terminal of diode ,which is cathode(-ve) and anode(+ve) .

terminal that near to the ring on the diode's body is cathode terminal while the other one is anode.. easy right ? :)

by using digital multimeter

connect the diode correctly to the multimeter wire which is anode to the positive wire , while cathode to the negative wire . if wew connected it wrongly ,, multimeter did not give any value of diode because as we all know,, diode only allows current flow in one direction only .. but ,, the diode will not be damaged if we connected wrongly unless the larger voltage is supplied to the diode .

by using component analyser

i think ,, using component analyser is the most easy way to get the reading and also to determine the anode and cathode . and the most important thing to be remember by us ,, COMPONENT ANALYSER ONLY US FOR SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENT ONLY !!

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.It can show when the power is on , act ass a warning indicator , or be part of trendy jewelry etc. It needs to be fed from a DC supply , with the anode positive and the cathode negative .

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The advantages of LEDs mentioned above have allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

to determine which is cathode and anode,, we can determine by physical inspection . When we observe from the bottom of LED,,we can see side of LED which is flat. This is a cathode(-ve) terminal . While the round side is anode(+ve) terminal.

The other way is , we can see from the physical inside the LED. We can see two different size of flag . Terminal that connect with the big flag is cathode terminal,, while terminal that connect to the small flag is anode terminal ..

When LED is tested with resistor,, the LED will light up.. While,, when LED is tested directly to the voltage source ,, it will not light up .. The critical thing is,, when LED is supplied by larger voltage ,, that LED can not support,, the LED will be damaged . So,, voltage is necessary to control ,so it is suitable with the LED used .

to be continue.....see in the next entry:))

article and meeting minutes for oral presentation

article and meeting minutes.docx

picture of resistor and capacitor

these are the resistor that we used to measure the value of resistance.

and,, these are the capacitors that we used last week.

and,, this is the multimeter that used to measure value of capacitance and resistance accurately.

1st experience in workshop class :)

11st of October 2011

Our 1st meeting with Mr Ahmad Redzuan :) We enjoyed our 1st class very much..

On this day,, we had a lecture about some electrical component which is :

1. resistor
2. resistance/resistors color codes
3. capacitors
4. diode
5. inductors
6. LED
7. Segment display
8. Integrated Circuits
9. lists of circuit component symbols
10. wires and cables

we enjoyed our class even it held within 3 hours =,=.. I learnt something new about electronics which is segment display and I found some symbols of circuit components that I never see before this .. huhu

Thanx MR.AHMAD REDZUAN :)

13rd of October 2011

We had some practical test this day :) soo exciting yaa~ :)

before conducted some test of component,, we were briefed by Mr. Redzuan about RESISTOR and CAPACITOR .

RESISTOR....( electronic component which resist the flow of electronic current )

We conducted two test to measure the value of resistor which is by using color codes and multimeter :)

1st,, by using color codes..

• resistor have 4 color bands. Each color has its own value.

1. band nearest the wire lead gives the value of 1st digit ex. brown = 1.
2. next band gives the values of the next digit ex. red = 2.
3. third band gives the number of zeros which follows the two digit ex. orange = 3 zeros = 000 .
4. the fourth band indicates the tolerance ex. brown = +/- 1%

2nd,, measure value of resistor by using multimeter.

• using multimeter is more accurate than using color codes .right ? :)but the reading will be wrong if your battery of multimeter is weak..

CAPACITORS..( charging and discharging,filtering and store electricity )

• capacitor has 2 types;polarize and non-polarized.
• polarized capacitor function is charging and discharging.
• non-polarized capacitor function is filtering such as filtering noise.

we were given 3 types of capacitors. For the 1st capacitor,, we must measure the value by using color codes and multimeter.

Capacitor has 5 bands of color codes.

1. 1st band is significant figure in table
2. 2nd band also significant figure in table
3. 3rd band is multiplier,which is number of zeros
4. 4th band is tolerance
5. 5th band is the voltage

Besides that, we measure the same capacitor by using multimeter. Only multimeter that has capacitance meter can be used.From my observation, using capacitance meter is more accurate than color codes.

For the 2d capacitor,,we must measure the value by using physical inspection.The capacitor given is new one and manufacturer had already list on it the value of capacitance and voltage. We also can determine easily the positive and negative terminal :) the long wire lead is +ve terminal while the short one is -ve terminal :)

other than that, we also measure the value of 2nd capacitor by using capacitance meter,voltmeter, and LED+resistor.

by using capacitance meter, we get the exact value.

by using voltmeter, the process of charging and discharging is occur.Whwn the capacitor is charged with 16v,then the capacitor will discharge also 16V or less.We did some experiment where we connected the capacitor and voltage source by wrong terminal. As a result, the capacitor is exploded :)

then by using LED+resistor, when the capacitor charge higher, then LED light more longer.

for the 3rd capacitor,we just get the value from CAPACITOR CODE GUIDE TABLE.

p/s : sorry coz i didn't upload any picture for this entry because the problem of internet connection make its hard to use. I'll will upload in the next entry k :)

X0X0~

oral presentation !!!

6th of october 2011 ..

This week,, Dr.Kamal briefed us about our oral presentation . The contents,planning or preparation,and delivery must be excellent to get the highest mark .

Before we present our topic, we must write an article about the electronic system choosen,how does it works . In that article must include introduction, methodology and minutes of meeting . We must submit this before our presentation in this blog. All members of group must submit this ! :) Please remember k iqa !! hehe.. I write it in this entry to remind me , and maybe to all coursemates :)

Ok,, then,, we have been introduced a little information about SEMICONDUCTOR :)

• heart of any electronic system
• "diode" simplest possible
• anything that's computerized or uses radio waves depends on semiconductors

Semiconductor is made up from SILICON .. Why ??? :)

• available
• inexpensive
• easy to control properties

This week,, we will start our electronic workshop.. I feel so excited :))

Motivational phrase last week :)

I hear and I forget

I see and I remember

I do and I understand

Means ?? :)

Tell me and I will forget

Show me and I will remember

Involve me and I will understand

ok ? :)

leARniNG ouTCOmE 4 ..

thursday , 29th september,2011

learning outcome 4

recognize importance of good conduct and healthier environment in developing personal values and society as a whole

• what 's mean of good conduct actually ?? : good behaviour and manners
• Developing personal values and society as a whole ?? : engineers must make a product that full-required by users and environments . engineers also must have good attitudes and positive in thinking . Other than that, they can build up second nature , which is be responsible for society .

You learn to serve or learn to earn ??

Dr.Kamal asked us that question in class.. we worked in pair.. I was with Yuza Yaacob.

we answered : we choose both,, learn to serve and learn to earn.. because for sure,, we learn this engineering course to serve the society,, make a good products to make society's life easier.. Moreover,,we give benefits to society..Other than that ,, we also learn to earn.. It was simply because,, nowadays,,everything is about money. We learn to get a good job,, and get a good earn .. It is so meaningful because after we work,,first thing we want to do is make our parents life good . So,, good earn also important actually.. But of course ,, learn to serve come first :))

In your opinion,,why and how good conduct is related to elctronics system ??

Present time / student life :

At this time , I must have good manners as an elecronics system engineering student because I must adapt quickly in myself the actually behaviour of an engineer. It can be categorize as an early practise. I will be a student that concerned about environment,, which is always ensure that my sorroundings is clean,, ecspecially my room at college. :) Cleanliness place will make us comfortable to study right ? :) Then,, i will try to study smart and hard,, and smart to divide my time to study and hanging around with friends. And also,, I must instil in myself the attitude of helping each other .

Future time / work place :

In the future time,, I must carry on the good behaviour because at that time,, we are in the reality life.. Our attitude are most important because as an engineer,, we will serving the society with our expertise in specific areas. So,as an electronics system engineers,, we must ensure and make all the electronics appliances which are safely use to others. We cannot be selfish,, just to get a millions of money,, we don't take importance of the consumers safety. Other than that ,, we must build a friendly atmosphere with colleagues .

Everyday life :

In everyday life ,, good conduct is also important . Everyday,, we meet a lot of people with different behaviour,, we are close to the environment. We mut maintain our good behaviour to dealing with the people around,, like to buy food, to take a taxi, and to communicate with others. Other than that,, we must concerned with environmental sanitation . We don't dispose all the litters ,,make sure that our house are super-clean and so on :)

remember !!

" CLEANLINESS IS PART OF FAITH "

To be a good engineer :

5 s !!!

Sort

Stabilize

Shine

Standardize

Sustain

:))

thank you : see you in the next entry :)