BUILDING OF CIRCUIT ON BOARD

This week , we learnt how to make the board circuit manually . As I seen , the process quite complicated but fun . En.Redzuan just showed to us in this class because did not have enough time to all of us do the practical.

EQUIPMENT

1. UV machine
2. PCB drill
3. soldering iron
4. power supply
5. PCB cutter
6. handtools
7. acid ferum chloride
8. sodium

WAYS TO BUILD CIRCUIT ON BOARD

Creating Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is easy and fun for the whole family! But read the disclaimer — heat and corrosive chemicals are dangerous ;-) After you’ve prototyped and tested your circuit design, creating a PCB will provide a sturdy and reliable backbone for your circuit and will give your project a professional finished quality.Using PCBs can even help reduce the time you spend building circuits, especially if you are producing multiple units, as you only need to follow a parts placement diagram (there’s no longer any need to worry about specific interconnections)

1. prepare circuit artwork
2. expose the board to UV light by using UV machine ( 60-90 seconds )
3. developing ( use sodium+water to tear off green layer on board )
4. etching ( use acid to tear off copper layer that not going to use )
5. cutting the board to specific size
6. drilling
7. assembling all the component with right terminals of positive and negative
8. soldering the components
9. testing by using power supply
10. submit

PRACTICAL TEST (MULTISIM & ULTIBOARD)

I have done with my practical and I want to conclude, the question is quite tough , especially ultiboard question .

It was simply because , in circuit 1 , when we increase the width of traces , it would give out too many error that I was turned a little bit crazy that time ..huhu.. When I drag selected track a little bit far , the error solved , but the other parts became more worst.

I think , 2 hours given did not enough ..hehe.. I just submitted my circuit to En Redzuan when the times up , at least I've got high marks in multisim question.

ULTIBOARD

After build a circuit using multisim , we can transfer that circuit and designed it in ULTIBOARD program . In this program, we can design any shape of board that we like , and view it in 3D .

NI Ultiboard or formerly ULTIboard is an electronic Printed Circuit Board Layout program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Multisim. One of its major features is the Real Time Design Rule Check, a feature that was only offered on expensive work stations in the days when it was introduced. ULTIboard was originally created by a company named Ultimate Technology, which is now asubsidiary of National Instruments. Ultiboard includes a 3D PCB viewing mode, as well as integrated import and export features to theSchematic Capture and Simulation software in the suite, Multisim.

It was so difficult to designing the board because if we want to joined two or more lines,the lines must cross each other,otherwise your board will appear as a big hole in the middle . So,to make my life easier , I just use one shape to make a board ,like using pie shape or circle .

Then , the process will be more complicated when dragging the component into the board . We must know the easier orientation of component to make path of track easy to connect to all the component . In this process, try as many as your track finally get their pathway.

After that, we can choose to place the traces on the copper top or copper bottom . We also can choose any component to place above or bottom board . Then,viewed the circuit in 3D version . This program would tell us error in the board like our track too near with each other. It happen when we adjust the width of traces .

Then, after finish , we can print our circuit in many different view such as silkscreen top , silkscreen bottom , copper top , copper bottom and board outline .

Remember to be patient while doing this designing process because I'm sure it is hard and take a long time to finish to the beginners :)

MULTISIM

Multisim (formerly MultiSIM) is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multisim was originally created by a company named Electronics Workbench, which is now a division of National Instruments. Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features to the Printed Circuit Boardlayout software in the suite, NI Ultiboard.Multisim is widely used in academia and industry for circuits education, electronic schematic design and SPICE simulation.

I was so excited for the first time, I wasable to build a circuit in the computer software . It was so fun when the circuit worked . Otherwise, I would feel so frustrated when the LED not light up or buzzer didn't gave out any sound . But, I think ,, for the first time using this program, I managed to used it properly .

DO YOU KNOW ??

Multisim was originally called Electronics Workbench and created by a company called Interactive Image Technologies. At the time it was mainly used as an educational tool to teach electronics technician and electronics engineering programs in colleges and universities.

National Instruments has maintained this educational legacy, with a specific version of Multisim with features developed for teaching electronics.

In 1999, Multisim was integrated with Ultiboard after the original company merged with Ultimate Technology, a PCB layout software company.

In 2005, Interactive Image Technologies was acquired by National Instruments Electronics Workbench Group and Multisim was renamed to NI Multisim.

8th week - lecture by Mr. Rasli

Do you know what is the difference between device and system ?

let me tell you :)

device : electronic component such as personal computer hardware.

system : combination of components to do a work .

On the other words , Mr.Rasli said ,

" Devices make a system "

then, Mr. Rasli discuss about electron device :)

ELECTRON DEVICE .

• electron device is the electrical conduction that conducts electrons movement through vacuum,gas, and semiconductor.
• electron carry the current to moves.
• electron current ,moves from negative terminal to positive terminal.
• conventional current, moves from positive terminal to negative terminal.

Mr. Rasli discussed 5 topics which is :

1. Basic electronic components.
2. OLED
3. FPGA
4. Power electronics
5. Integrated circuit (IC)

1. BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS .

We had discussed about this before . Mr. Redzuan had explained briefly about electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, diode, integrated circuit, transistors.

2. OLED

It's new to us right ?

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissiveelectroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emit light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor material is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.

There are two main families of OLEDs: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a Light-emitting Electrochemical Cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix(PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than liquid crystal displays (LCDs). In low ambient light conditions such as dark rooms an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses either cold cathode fluorescent lamps or the more recently developed LED backlight. Due to their low thermal conductivity, they typically emit less light per area than inorganic LEDs.

APPLICATIONS

OLEDs are used in television set screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as mobile phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information, and indication. OLEDs are also used in large-area light-emitting elements for general illumination.

ADVANTAGES

Lower cost in the future

OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen printing, theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or plasma displays. However, fabrication of the OLED substrate is more costly than that of a TFT LCD, until mass production methods lower cost through scalability. Roll-roll vapour-deposition methods for organic devices do allow mass production of thousands of devices per minute for minimal cost, although this technique also induces problems in that multi-layer devices can be challenging to make due to registration issues, lining up the different printed layers to the required degree of accuracy.

Light weight & flexible plastic substrates

OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic light-emitting diodes being fabricated or other new applications such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. As the substrate used can be flexible such as PET, the displays may be produced inexpensively.

Wider viewing angles & improved brightness

OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colours appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90° from normal.

Better power efficiency

LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element does not produce light or consume power.

Response time

OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of between 2 and 8 ms response time offering a frame rate of ~200 Hz, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time enabling 100,000 Hzrefresh rates.

the example of OLED

3. FPGA

• Field Programmable Gate Array
• it is one type of IC which has a huge amount of components.
• structured with a lot of tiny blocks of logic with flip flops ( logic function )
• large digital design
• compile the logic using software to create binary file then download it .

this is the picture of FPGA

4. POWER ELCTRONICS

power elctronics is the applications of solid state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

5. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ( IC )

integrated circuit (IC) is defined as huge discrete elements are compressed in one singlenchips of silicon .

see you next entry :)

7th week ( ORAL PRESENTATION )

ALHAMDULILLAH :)

we had done our oral presentation successfully :)

thanx to Dr. Kamal, En. Redzuan and En. Rasli because came to judge our presentation. Even we must finished present within 10 minutes,, but I feel satisfied because we can answer all the question that been asked to us :)

we feel that our title, 'Remote Control' which is the simplest among others,, give us benefit which is easy to understand and study that electronic device,, and also listener easy to understand what we presented.

THANKS :)

By the way,, after this En. Rasli will teach us :) excited ya' :)

Thanx to En Ahmad Redzuan because gave us a lot of informations about electronic components :) I hope I will remember all those things forever :)

see again :)

Assalamualaikum :)