Binary 010101~~~

:) this is the last class for this semester.

Dr. Kamal taught us about logic in this class. he taught us about digital logic and also how to conduct binary number which is only contained number 0 and 1 .. huhu

I had recalled how to adding, substracting binary number that I had learnt during my secondary school and also in my foundation last time . It was interesting right because even the series of number only 0 and 1 ,, it give a lot of meaning to the computer system because computer can only receive instruction and read data in binary number.

It was very useful in our next semester topic because we will be facing a lot of topic about digital and logic :)

by the way, I had fun along this semester , working in the workshop and get more new experiences conducting electronics and electrics components.

thanks to all my lecturers :)

see again in the next coming semester :)

tata~~

x0x0~

electric assessment

in this class, we did electric assessment. I was paired with nur atiqa..

we must did practically on our own, what En.Redzuan had taught us last class.

Fortunately, Atiqa and I managed to do all the task successfully which is connect all thw wire in socket and also connect wire in pendaflour lamp and change the 'chok' from ac to dc..

thank you :)

journey of electricity

this week, we learnt a new topic , ELECTRICITY

we started our class a little bit late, around 2.30 pm. :)

in this session, En.Redzuan brief us about what we gonna do with 3-pin plug and pendaflour light.

first, we learnt how to place 3 different type of wire into 3-pin plug..the figure shown as below..then,we connect the wire to 3-pin socket.

second, we learnt how to place wire in pendaflour light and again, connect it with 3-pin plug .

remember, next Thursday, we will do assessment for this topic:)

2nd chance :)

why 2nd chance ?? :)

En. Redzuan made a new artwork of circuit 1 because he saw our difficulty to build previous circuit 1.

before this, circuit 1 was double-sided circuit but for the new one, it's just single sided circuit :) I found it was so easy to build because of the single sided and furthermore, the traces wider than before :) waahh~~

it was my lucky day because I didn't solder yet my last circuit. so, i just use that component ,didn't need to suck it.. huhu.. then, the process of exposing,developing,etching,cutting and drilling , I did it properly :)

when I did the process of assembling and soldering,I sit quietly at my place and did my work . after 15 minutes I guess, I managed to finish my circuit and feel nervous to test it.. hehe..

and,, Alhamdulillah, my circuit functioned successly :) En. Redzuan told us to submit either one of the circuit next week. He told us to choose the good one ..

thank you :)

xoxo~

INDUSTRIAL VISIT TO CANON :)

it's wonderful moment :)
after we arrived,they gave us simple briefing abot Canon Opto SDN.BHD. we gonna visited two building, camera building and lenses building.

at camera department, there are a lot of huge machine and workers. at there, i had seen how they assemble all the components of digital camera. And the most important thing, I could see how the circuit of various component build and how the machine soldered it. It was more simpler than we soldered manually I guess .. hehe..
this department also practised 5S. I can see the article was paste on the board before we enterd that department :) they make important of punctuality and cleanliness. Before we enterd that department , we must go through several way to clean all the dust at our clothes. It is to make sure that the dust will not enter into camera lenses.


the lenses department also use the same principes of 5S. in the lenses department , we saw the process to make the usual glass become expensive lenses. We had been mentioned that Canon Malaysia produced lenses with high quality than another country .

about the sustainability. They told us that lenses department used a lot of water. So, they are under progress to collect rain water on the roof top, to save the usage of water and to reduce the waterbill. they also had won best company of sustainability and also first place of landscape competiton. I think, other than projected money, Canon also make important of sustainability :)

i hope I will visit many more industrial company to understand how they work and how they apply sustainable and 5S concept :)

snap2 :)

we get this new tools :) happy :)

both of my board after developing,etching,cutting, and drilling process :)

my 1st circuit .. but it doesn't work I think.. huhu

my 2nd circuit .. it's hard because of SMD but easy as it is single-sided board

both of my board after assembling :)

sample of 2nd circuit made by en.redzuan

en.redzuan's :)

BUILDING OF CIRCUIT ON BOARD 2

in this class,, we were doing 2 type of board, 1st circuit was double-sided board and all the component is true holes components. 2nd circuit was single-sided components buth half of components were true holes components and the other half were semiconductor components. It was very challenging because SMD components were too small and hard to soldered it.

EXPOSING TO UV LIGHT

for the 1st circuit ,process of exposing to UV light was a litle bit messy because we must attach the artwork on double-sided board with the same pair. If not,we would face difficulty when we want to drill because the holes not exactly same with both side. 1st time I did it, I made a worst mistake which is I did both side of board with same side of artwork. So ,my board was truely wrong..huhu.. Sorry to En. Redzuan because im wasting the board.. ;) And, 4 the 2nd time, Alhamdulillah,, I succeeded to do it . After exposed to UV for front side, then we must change to the back side to exposed it to UV. After we pull out the white layer of board, don't exposed it too long to the surronding because the green layer is too sensitive to the light. So, you must turn off the light while doing this process.

for the 2nd circuit ,, it was easy and I managed to do this process for 2 board within 5 minutes :) it was easy because it was single-sided but it was a little bit small because of SMD components .

DEVELOPING

Developing process is use sodium solution to tear off the green layer on the board.

for the 1st circuit,, we must hold ourselves the board and mixed it in the sodium regularly. After all the green layer disappear, wash and dry it with towel provided.

for the 2nd circuit,,the process was easy because we just placed the board inside sodium solution ,and remember, the track of circuit must be on top while placing. and then,,mixed it regularly until green layer disappear. after that , the process same with circuit 1.

ETCHING

Etching process is use acid solution to tear off copper layer that not going to used.In this time , we did etching process by using specific machine. But it also take a long time I think.

for the both circuit, just placed the board inside the machine and moved it up-down regularly to tear off copper layers.It will be faster if many bubbles produced.

after finish , wash it with water and dry it with towel provided.

CUTTING

cut both board with the size or shape you want but make sure that you didn't cut the track of circuit.

DRILLING

drilling is the process to make holes of components on the board.

for the 1st circuit, I cannot matched both side of board with same holes because my artwork not the matched pair. But ,luckily, it was not too much different.my drilling was not too proper because size of holes to drill was too small,make the copper around the holes scratched.

for the 2nd circuit, it was easy to drill because size of holes was a little bit big .

ASSEMBLING

assembled all the components of circuit 1 was easy because all of it is true-hole components. It is easy to see and hold :)

for 2nd circuit, it make me worried to take care of those SMD components because it was too small and canot hold it by hand. Hold it by using specific tools .

SOLDERING

I cannot managed to finish soldering both circuit in workshop because time was running out.

for the 1st circuit, En. Redzuan told us that he will make a new artwork with single-sided because he found that we face many difficulty to handle the double-sided board. We must ue back the component given in the next class. So , I didn't soldered the 1st circuit.

for the 2nd circuit, I soldered it carefully because SMD components was too small.

TESTING

i'll test it in the next class.

xoxo~~

p/s= cannot post any picture that i've taken because the line internet was too slow :(

BUILDING OF CIRCUIT ON BOARD

This week , we learnt how to make the board circuit manually . As I seen , the process quite complicated but fun . En.Redzuan just showed to us in this class because did not have enough time to all of us do the practical.

EQUIPMENT

1. UV machine
2. PCB drill
3. soldering iron
4. power supply
5. PCB cutter
6. handtools
7. acid ferum chloride
8. sodium

WAYS TO BUILD CIRCUIT ON BOARD

Creating Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is easy and fun for the whole family! But read the disclaimer — heat and corrosive chemicals are dangerous ;-) After you’ve prototyped and tested your circuit design, creating a PCB will provide a sturdy and reliable backbone for your circuit and will give your project a professional finished quality.Using PCBs can even help reduce the time you spend building circuits, especially if you are producing multiple units, as you only need to follow a parts placement diagram (there’s no longer any need to worry about specific interconnections)

1. prepare circuit artwork
2. expose the board to UV light by using UV machine ( 60-90 seconds )
3. developing ( use sodium+water to tear off green layer on board )
4. etching ( use acid to tear off copper layer that not going to use )
5. cutting the board to specific size
6. drilling
7. assembling all the component with right terminals of positive and negative
8. soldering the components
9. testing by using power supply
10. submit

PRACTICAL TEST (MULTISIM & ULTIBOARD)

I have done with my practical and I want to conclude, the question is quite tough , especially ultiboard question .

It was simply because , in circuit 1 , when we increase the width of traces , it would give out too many error that I was turned a little bit crazy that time ..huhu.. When I drag selected track a little bit far , the error solved , but the other parts became more worst.

I think , 2 hours given did not enough ..hehe.. I just submitted my circuit to En Redzuan when the times up , at least I've got high marks in multisim question.

ULTIBOARD

After build a circuit using multisim , we can transfer that circuit and designed it in ULTIBOARD program . In this program, we can design any shape of board that we like , and view it in 3D .

NI Ultiboard or formerly ULTIboard is an electronic Printed Circuit Board Layout program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Multisim. One of its major features is the Real Time Design Rule Check, a feature that was only offered on expensive work stations in the days when it was introduced. ULTIboard was originally created by a company named Ultimate Technology, which is now asubsidiary of National Instruments. Ultiboard includes a 3D PCB viewing mode, as well as integrated import and export features to theSchematic Capture and Simulation software in the suite, Multisim.

It was so difficult to designing the board because if we want to joined two or more lines,the lines must cross each other,otherwise your board will appear as a big hole in the middle . So,to make my life easier , I just use one shape to make a board ,like using pie shape or circle .

Then , the process will be more complicated when dragging the component into the board . We must know the easier orientation of component to make path of track easy to connect to all the component . In this process, try as many as your track finally get their pathway.

After that, we can choose to place the traces on the copper top or copper bottom . We also can choose any component to place above or bottom board . Then,viewed the circuit in 3D version . This program would tell us error in the board like our track too near with each other. It happen when we adjust the width of traces .

Then, after finish , we can print our circuit in many different view such as silkscreen top , silkscreen bottom , copper top , copper bottom and board outline .

Remember to be patient while doing this designing process because I'm sure it is hard and take a long time to finish to the beginners :)

MULTISIM

Multisim (formerly MultiSIM) is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation. Multisim was originally created by a company named Electronics Workbench, which is now a division of National Instruments. Multisim includes microcontroller simulation (formerly known as MultiMCU), as well as integrated import and export features to the Printed Circuit Boardlayout software in the suite, NI Ultiboard.Multisim is widely used in academia and industry for circuits education, electronic schematic design and SPICE simulation.

I was so excited for the first time, I wasable to build a circuit in the computer software . It was so fun when the circuit worked . Otherwise, I would feel so frustrated when the LED not light up or buzzer didn't gave out any sound . But, I think ,, for the first time using this program, I managed to used it properly .

DO YOU KNOW ??

Multisim was originally called Electronics Workbench and created by a company called Interactive Image Technologies. At the time it was mainly used as an educational tool to teach electronics technician and electronics engineering programs in colleges and universities.

National Instruments has maintained this educational legacy, with a specific version of Multisim with features developed for teaching electronics.

In 1999, Multisim was integrated with Ultiboard after the original company merged with Ultimate Technology, a PCB layout software company.

In 2005, Interactive Image Technologies was acquired by National Instruments Electronics Workbench Group and Multisim was renamed to NI Multisim.

8th week - lecture by Mr. Rasli

Do you know what is the difference between device and system ?

let me tell you :)

device : electronic component such as personal computer hardware.

system : combination of components to do a work .

On the other words , Mr.Rasli said ,

" Devices make a system "

then, Mr. Rasli discuss about electron device :)

ELECTRON DEVICE .

• electron device is the electrical conduction that conducts electrons movement through vacuum,gas, and semiconductor.
• electron carry the current to moves.
• electron current ,moves from negative terminal to positive terminal.
• conventional current, moves from positive terminal to negative terminal.

Mr. Rasli discussed 5 topics which is :

1. Basic electronic components.
2. OLED
3. FPGA
4. Power electronics
5. Integrated circuit (IC)

1. BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS .

We had discussed about this before . Mr. Redzuan had explained briefly about electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, diode, integrated circuit, transistors.

2. OLED

It's new to us right ?

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissiveelectroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emit light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor material is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.

There are two main families of OLEDs: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a Light-emitting Electrochemical Cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix(PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.

An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than liquid crystal displays (LCDs). In low ambient light conditions such as dark rooms an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses either cold cathode fluorescent lamps or the more recently developed LED backlight. Due to their low thermal conductivity, they typically emit less light per area than inorganic LEDs.

APPLICATIONS

OLEDs are used in television set screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as mobile phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information, and indication. OLEDs are also used in large-area light-emitting elements for general illumination.

ADVANTAGES

Lower cost in the future

OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen printing, theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or plasma displays. However, fabrication of the OLED substrate is more costly than that of a TFT LCD, until mass production methods lower cost through scalability. Roll-roll vapour-deposition methods for organic devices do allow mass production of thousands of devices per minute for minimal cost, although this technique also induces problems in that multi-layer devices can be challenging to make due to registration issues, lining up the different printed layers to the required degree of accuracy.

Light weight & flexible plastic substrates

OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic light-emitting diodes being fabricated or other new applications such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. As the substrate used can be flexible such as PET, the displays may be produced inexpensively.

Wider viewing angles & improved brightness

OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colours appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90° from normal.

Better power efficiency

LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element does not produce light or consume power.

Response time

OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of between 2 and 8 ms response time offering a frame rate of ~200 Hz, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time enabling 100,000 Hzrefresh rates.

the example of OLED

3. FPGA

• Field Programmable Gate Array
• it is one type of IC which has a huge amount of components.
• structured with a lot of tiny blocks of logic with flip flops ( logic function )
• large digital design
• compile the logic using software to create binary file then download it .

this is the picture of FPGA

4. POWER ELCTRONICS

power elctronics is the applications of solid state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

5. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ( IC )

integrated circuit (IC) is defined as huge discrete elements are compressed in one singlenchips of silicon .

see you next entry :)

7th week ( ORAL PRESENTATION )

ALHAMDULILLAH :)

we had done our oral presentation successfully :)

thanx to Dr. Kamal, En. Redzuan and En. Rasli because came to judge our presentation. Even we must finished present within 10 minutes,, but I feel satisfied because we can answer all the question that been asked to us :)

we feel that our title, 'Remote Control' which is the simplest among others,, give us benefit which is easy to understand and study that electronic device,, and also listener easy to understand what we presented.

THANKS :)

By the way,, after this En. Rasli will teach us :) excited ya' :)

Thanx to En Ahmad Redzuan because gave us a lot of informations about electronic components :) I hope I will remember all those things forever :)

see again :)

Assalamualaikum :)

7th week ( PRACTICAL TEST )

In this Tuesday class,, we had a pracical test for those component we had learnt .

We were given 2 hours to complete all the test for components given which is resistor, capacitor, transistor, and diode.

Alhamdulillah ,, I've done my test succeedly :)

And now,, I am doing my preparation for oral presntation on Thursday :)

so nervous okay .. huhu

wish me luck :)

daa~~~

6th week ( TRANSISTOR AND IC )

HYE3X :)

in the class on Thursday last week ,, we had learnt and do the practical for the elctronic component ....

TRANSISTOR AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT .

Before we start our class,, En. Ahmad Redzuan showed to us a few videos about ROBOWARS.. It is quite interesting and something new in Malaysia. It is different from ROBOCORN and I think UTM student can introduce this types of robot to the Malaysia and maybe in the future ,, Malaysia can have their own "transformers" .. hehe

TRANSISTOR

Now ,, I want to discuss a little about transistor .A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

FUNCTIONS OF TRANSISTOR

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

1. Transistor as a switch .Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates
2. Transistor as an amplifier .The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout.Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

these are the transistors that we used .

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit.

A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.

For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

Bipolar junction transistor

Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n-p-n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p-n-p transistor). This construction produces two p-n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).

4 different transistors.

Advantages of transistor

The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are

1. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices.
2. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
3. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications.
4. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.
5. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.
6. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.
7. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years.
8. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.
9. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications.

WAY TO DETERMINE THE TYPE OF TRANSISTOR

We used three different ways to determine the type of transistor. By using data sheets , by using component analyser and using multimeter .

1. By using data sheets . We didnt do this because data sheets can be obtain from Internet and books. But ,, there is no Internet connection to the computer there .
2. By using component analyser . It is the easiest way to determine the type of transistor . Just connect all three terminal of component analyser to the three pins of transistors . It will tell the user type of that transistor ,, which pins is base ,, emitter ,, and collector . It also will tell user the value of current and voltage .
3. By using digital multimeter . We must use try and error method which is try all pins with positive and negative terminal of multimeter . We must use diodemeter .If the diodemeter give readings, so the terminal is true for those pins .

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, ormicrochip) is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Additional materials are deposited and patterned to form interconnections between semiconductor devices.

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits.

Most common are 4,6,8,14,16,18 or 20 pins dual in lines chips. IC's can be soldered directly into printed circuit boards, or may plug into sockets which have already been soldered into the board . When soldering , ensure that the IC is the correct way round and that no pins have been bent underneath the body . Whwn fitting new IC's it is often necessary to bend the pins in slightly, in order to fit in into the board .

Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries showing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistorsinto a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discreteelectronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.

Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than to construct a discrete circuit.

Performance is high because the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) as a result of the small size and close proximity of the components. As of 2006, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.

WAY TO DETERMINE PINS OF IC

We conducted only one way to determine the pins of IC, which is to determine which pin is number 1 until last pin.

by using physical inspection

We can observe from the top body of IC. Usually ,, manufacturer make a sign to tell user that the pin nearer that sign is pin number 1 . The sign often mark by dot , screw-like , or half-hole .

Then, we count from pin number 1 and so on ,, column by column . But,, for the next column ,, start count after last number of previous column . :)

I hope that I can make a circuit like this :) INSYAALLAH :)

that's all :)

see in the next entry :)

6th week ( DIODE ) ...

I LOVE IT WHEN YOU SHARE EVERYTHING WITH ME :)

now,, i would like to share about the next electronic component that I had learnt on Tuesday class which is........ DIODE !!!

DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS DIODE ? :)

In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current–voltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.

FUNCTION OF DIODE ?? :)

1. to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction) .
2. diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes)
3. to protect circuits from high voltage surges (Avalanche diodes)
4. to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes)
5. to generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes)
6. to produce light (light emitting diodes).
7. Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

these are 2 diodes that we had measured in the class :)

diode is polarised ,which means that it must be inserted into the PCB the correct way round . This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one direction (like air will only flow one way through a tyre valve) .

As we all know ,, diode have 2 connections, an ANODE and a CATHODE. The cathode is always identified by a dot , ring, or some other mark .

this is the diode that we used,, have ring to identify it as a cathode terminal

DIODE

We measured the diode given by three ways ; by physical inspection,using digital multimeter and using component analyser .

by physical inspection

From the diode given , we can easily identified the terminal of diode ,which is cathode(-ve) and anode(+ve) .

terminal that near to the ring on the diode's body is cathode terminal while the other one is anode.. easy right ? :)

by using digital multimeter

connect the diode correctly to the multimeter wire which is anode to the positive wire , while cathode to the negative wire . if wew connected it wrongly ,, multimeter did not give any value of diode because as we all know,, diode only allows current flow in one direction only .. but ,, the diode will not be damaged if we connected wrongly unless the larger voltage is supplied to the diode .

by using component analyser

i think ,, using component analyser is the most easy way to get the reading and also to determine the anode and cathode . and the most important thing to be remember by us ,, COMPONENT ANALYSER ONLY US FOR SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENT ONLY !!

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.It can show when the power is on , act ass a warning indicator , or be part of trendy jewelry etc. It needs to be fed from a DC supply , with the anode positive and the cathode negative .

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The advantages of LEDs mentioned above have allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

to determine which is cathode and anode,, we can determine by physical inspection . When we observe from the bottom of LED,,we can see side of LED which is flat. This is a cathode(-ve) terminal . While the round side is anode(+ve) terminal.

The other way is , we can see from the physical inside the LED. We can see two different size of flag . Terminal that connect with the big flag is cathode terminal,, while terminal that connect to the small flag is anode terminal ..

When LED is tested with resistor,, the LED will light up.. While,, when LED is tested directly to the voltage source ,, it will not light up .. The critical thing is,, when LED is supplied by larger voltage ,, that LED can not support,, the LED will be damaged . So,, voltage is necessary to control ,so it is suitable with the LED used .

to be continue.....see in the next entry:))

article and meeting minutes for oral presentation

article and meeting minutes.docx

picture of resistor and capacitor

these are the resistor that we used to measure the value of resistance.

and,, these are the capacitors that we used last week.

and,, this is the multimeter that used to measure value of capacitance and resistance accurately.

1st experience in workshop class :)

11st of October 2011

Our 1st meeting with Mr Ahmad Redzuan :) We enjoyed our 1st class very much..

On this day,, we had a lecture about some electrical component which is :

1. resistor
2. resistance/resistors color codes
3. capacitors
4. diode
5. inductors
6. LED
7. Segment display
8. Integrated Circuits
9. lists of circuit component symbols
10. wires and cables

we enjoyed our class even it held within 3 hours =,=.. I learnt something new about electronics which is segment display and I found some symbols of circuit components that I never see before this .. huhu

Thanx MR.AHMAD REDZUAN :)

13rd of October 2011

We had some practical test this day :) soo exciting yaa~ :)

before conducted some test of component,, we were briefed by Mr. Redzuan about RESISTOR and CAPACITOR .

RESISTOR....( electronic component which resist the flow of electronic current )

We conducted two test to measure the value of resistor which is by using color codes and multimeter :)

1st,, by using color codes..

• resistor have 4 color bands. Each color has its own value.

1. band nearest the wire lead gives the value of 1st digit ex. brown = 1.
2. next band gives the values of the next digit ex. red = 2.
3. third band gives the number of zeros which follows the two digit ex. orange = 3 zeros = 000 .
4. the fourth band indicates the tolerance ex. brown = +/- 1%

2nd,, measure value of resistor by using multimeter.

• using multimeter is more accurate than using color codes .right ? :)but the reading will be wrong if your battery of multimeter is weak..

CAPACITORS..( charging and discharging,filtering and store electricity )

• capacitor has 2 types;polarize and non-polarized.
• polarized capacitor function is charging and discharging.
• non-polarized capacitor function is filtering such as filtering noise.

we were given 3 types of capacitors. For the 1st capacitor,, we must measure the value by using color codes and multimeter.

Capacitor has 5 bands of color codes.

1. 1st band is significant figure in table
2. 2nd band also significant figure in table
3. 3rd band is multiplier,which is number of zeros
4. 4th band is tolerance
5. 5th band is the voltage

Besides that, we measure the same capacitor by using multimeter. Only multimeter that has capacitance meter can be used.From my observation, using capacitance meter is more accurate than color codes.

For the 2d capacitor,,we must measure the value by using physical inspection.The capacitor given is new one and manufacturer had already list on it the value of capacitance and voltage. We also can determine easily the positive and negative terminal :) the long wire lead is +ve terminal while the short one is -ve terminal :)

other than that, we also measure the value of 2nd capacitor by using capacitance meter,voltmeter, and LED+resistor.

by using capacitance meter, we get the exact value.

by using voltmeter, the process of charging and discharging is occur.Whwn the capacitor is charged with 16v,then the capacitor will discharge also 16V or less.We did some experiment where we connected the capacitor and voltage source by wrong terminal. As a result, the capacitor is exploded :)

then by using LED+resistor, when the capacitor charge higher, then LED light more longer.

for the 3rd capacitor,we just get the value from CAPACITOR CODE GUIDE TABLE.

p/s : sorry coz i didn't upload any picture for this entry because the problem of internet connection make its hard to use. I'll will upload in the next entry k :)

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